Ukrainian-norwegian Relations Through the 9th Up to the 20th Century

BackgroundIn this article, I will present a revised text of the Institute of Ukrainian history at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine query. This research provides more details on the Norwegians, relations with Ukraine through a decade of the century. Several facts are presented, but there are many sagas and myths that contribute to the history of communication and relations between the two countries. We must be aware that some of the sagas and legends are not supported by written documentation found in the Ukraine, and we must be careful to strength of the relationship was over time. But the fact remains, Ukrainians and the Norwegians have enjoyed a close relationship and the combination of the two countries, people, well-documented, is still ongoing.My interest in the country began first in a strict sense of Affairs, and later evolved to involve me on a personal level that I found my wife today in Ukraine. His spirit has guided me writing these words and find as much information as possible on the relationship between the two countries, because I am a Norwegian myself.The increasing globalization taking part in the world today, and possibly in the future because of this mixture between the countries are also increasing, both on private property and in commercial levels. Ukraine expanding rapidly to be a vendor of high technology as well as agricultural products in the world. In addition, foreign investors find the interests of this country because it thrives in its market economy.IntroductionIt is possible to trace the relations between the Ukrainian and Norwegian land of over one thousand years ago. We will try to give an overview of these relations since the founding of Kievan Rus, until the establishment of independent Ukraine in Kiev 1991.Varangians to Rus.Norsemen played a key role in the formation of the first State of Kiev. 8th to 14th centuries, people were called Scandinavian Norsemen. The famous column? The Tale of Bygone Years? Contains a legend concerning tribal elders Slavic Varangians inviting him to come to Russia and become its leaders. The Varangians or Varyags sometimes called Variagians were Norsemen, who migrated eastward and southward through what is now Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. According to legend then the three brothers? Rurik, Sineus and Truvar Rus who came and started to reign in the cities of Slavic Novgorod, Bilozer and Izborsk. The younger brother is dead, and all the power on the Slavic tribes of the North Eastern Slavs and Kriviches was transferred to Rurik. There is no doubt about the historical existence of Rurik and, as the legend, he came with his parents Rus and woman. Rurik is regarded as the founder of the dynasty of princes in Rus. Rurik de l? Establishment in northern Rus result of an agreement with the tribes of the confederacy Novgorod .. We know that the Varangian used to be quoted in the south Rus to participation in military campaigns. Military assistance was needed especially for the military actions of the external Kievan Rus. Some of these campaigns will be those of Oleg, Igor and Vladimir Bysantium in War of Yaroslav the Wise with the Pechenegs. The convocation was also used for sorting on the relationship between the princes. The texts of 907, 911 and 944 treaties between Rus and Bysantium testify that among the Rusian envoys were people with Scandinavian names. The Scandinavians in Rus not only employees hired as warriors but as diplomats. Several versions exist in science historic significance as regards the involvement of Danish and Swedish in the Rus-medieval Scandinavian links. There are also some less numerous, the facts of the relationship between Kievan Rus and Norway. An example of this is of archaeological discoveries, such as silver coins found in Nesbu, Norway, which were hit in the Kievan Rus at the time of Vladimir and trade between Rus Yaroslav.Trading and Norway been less extensive than those with Denmark and Sweden, and are poorly reflected in the written sources. The Icelandic sagas contain only two direct reports commercial trip to Norwegians Rus. One of them refers to a Norwegian merchant marine Gudleik of Agda, who has often traveled to Rus and was therefore called Gudleik Rusian?. The saga of Olav Tryggvason says a large cargo of silk that was probably purchased in the Rusian land and brought on his ship to Norway. Kievan Rus was mainly used by the medieval Norway as a territory of transit for goods from the Middle East. There are reasons to believe that travel from the Baltic to the Norwegians Rus continued in the 7th and the 13th centuries. A law issued by the Norwegian king Magnus says that in 1276, when the creation of the law, the Norwegians have continued commercial trips to the countries situated along the edge of the Baltic Sea, including Gardarike which is the same as the Rus. Another proof of the existence of certain exchanges between Russia and Norway is that, years small Norwegian coins found in ten sites in Eastern Europe, fifteen coins were found at seven sites on the territory of Kievan Rus. Ten pieces belong to both the 3rd Harald (years 1047-1066), two others were beaten during the reign of King Olav Kyrre (years 1066-1093), the rest being undated (9th century) Political relations. Of great interest is the history of relations between the Prince of Kiev, Vladimir Grand (980-1015) and Norway. According to existing data, he may have fought Norwegian Erik Prince. The young prince Olav Tryggvason, the nephew of Vladimir? S grandee Sigurd, and his mother have given refuge to Kiev. Sigurd rescued the 9-year-old Olav held captive in the Baltic Sea earth, and led him to the courtyard of the Grand Prince Vladimir. Prince Olav was a faithful servant of Vladimir, but fell to a victim of defamation and was forced to resign. A few years later, perhaps with the prince Vladimir? S help, he dethroned Erik, making him flee to Sweden, to become the king of Norway. Later, he began with Prince Vladimir fighting in the northwest of the land of Rus. The war lasted four years and resulted in him away.The being driven by Prince Vladimir maintenance traditionally good relations with the Scandinavian countries seems quite logical, because the Rurik dynasty, to which he belonged, was born Scandinavian. Among Vladimir? S many wives was a Scandinavian born? Rogneda? Dont he married in 977. Good relations with the Scandinavian states assured Prince Vladimir to stability on the north-western borders of Russia and its premises used mainly tactical purposes.According Scandinavian ancient sources, Olav Haraldsson also called the St. Olav (995-1030 years ), which was the king of Norwegian 1014 until 1028, lived in Rus from the autumn of 1029 until the spring of 1030. His political opponents in Norway took the side of the king of England and Denmark, Knut the Great, who was also asked to power in Norway. Olav was defeated in the war against Denmark and was forced to flee to Sweden, then from Kievan Rus. The St. Olav was married to Astrid, the sister of Yaroslav the Wise? S Ingigerda wife. It is known that Ingigerda persuaded her husband to promote Olavs? Magnus son, who was left in Kiev when Olav left Kievan Rus.Thus, Magnus Olavsson, the future king of Norway (1035-1047) and Denmark (1042-1047) also drew Magnus le Bon, spent at least five years In his life Kievan Rus. Later, members of the Norwegian nobility came to Kiev and took him to Norway. Some sagas contain proof of Yaroslav and Ingigerda? S active involvement in education Norwegian Magnus to the throne. The sagas also tell us of Norwegian King Harald Hard Ruler? S (1046-1066) two visits to Kievan Rus. In 1031 (1034-1043) in Kiev, at the court of Yaroslav the Wise, and according to Snorri Sturluson, served as head procession. Later Harald spent several years in the service of the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachus. Upon his return to Kievan Rus in 1043, he married Elizabeth, the daughter of Yaroslav the Wise. Harald wrote the song dedicated to the joy of Elizabeth, the daughter of King Yaroslav, whom he asked her to marry him?. It should be noted that this type of love lyric is not typical for Scandinavian works of burns. A translation into Ukrainian was made by the famous Ukrainian poet Ivan Franko.Harald and Elizabeth had two daughters? Maria and Ingigerda. This marriage strengthened ties between Kievan Rus and Norway and resulted in a temporary alliance between the powerful and Svein Harald Earl Ulfsson, the future Danish king. The assistance provided by Yaroslav the Wise Harald, namely the preservation of its treasure, provide temporary shelter and help prepare Harald his trip to the motherland on the one hand, and to promote a political alliance between Harald and the enemies of the king Magnus through marriage with Elizabeth, on the other hand, resulted in an agreement between Magnus and Harald to divide the State of Norway. Elizabeth remained Norwegian Queen for more than 20 years? In the winter of 1043/1044, to the death of Harald, September 25, 1066 at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Later, she married the king Danish Svein.The that Rusian written sources of information on the presence in Rus Scandinavians do not mention the names of Norwegian kings who served the Rusian princes, nor their son who had been brought up there , shows a high overstatement The sagas of their role in Rus. In addition, the lives of Norwegian kings in Rus is photographed rather concisely in Sagas? Some general terms. It may very well be due to lack of specific information, as well as the tendency of the authors of sagas to exaggerate the importance of the nobility in the Scandinavian Rus. Yet despite the lack of information in the Rusian sources, there is evidence of their presence in Kievan Rus. The reason for such an assertion is verses of Scalds, cryptic in its content but also provides factual information reliable. Relations between Kievan Rus and Scandinavia were particularly strong during the grand duchy of Mstislav Vladimirovich (1125? 1132). For his mother, he was a descendant of a famous English royal family. His first wife, Christina was the daughter of Swedish King Steinkelsson Ingi. Mstislav? S girls were married to a Norwegian Sigurd (Sigurd Jordsalsfare), the Danish Erik, and Knut Obodritsky respectively. Malmfrid was probably not more than 15 years when she came to Norway with Sigurd. After Sigurds death, she married Prince Erik Ermune Danish side, and thus became the queen of Denmark.When describing Ukrainian-1397 Denmark, Sweden and Norway formed a Triunion state governed by the Danish kings. In 1523 Sweden withdrew from the union, the union after witch consisted of Denmark and Norway. In addition, Norway has lost its autonomy in 1536, who became a part of the Danish kingdom impotence. Yet, despite its political subordination to Denmark, in the XV-XVII centuries, Norway has continued to be made an independent state with its own economy and the traders who are pursuing their own interests. At the same time, it should be noted that during the mentioned period of time there was almost no relationship between the Ukrainian and Norwegian land. Socio-political relations during 1762-1917 During this period the situation in the two regions was much greater: the area with the centre of Kristiania (Oslo future) was part of the kingdom Swedish, Danish, while land along the upper part of the Dnieper River Basin belonged to Austria (then Austro-Hungarian) and the Russian Empire. Only in 1905, the Danish Prince Carl, guided by the provisions of the treaty Karlstad mounted the Norwegian throne under the name Haakon VII, 10-15, and a few years later, the state began to training process? Mother of Russian cities?. These processes have a definite impact on the overall state of relations between the two countries. Until the end of the 14th century, ethnic Norwegians placed their interest in the field of water white and Kara seas, and then the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland theme and the province of Arkhangelsk. Norwegians Steven Christian Ukraine (1781-1863), an eminent botanist, a Swedish Norwegian background. He was born in Finland, has studied in St. Petersburg. His first important task is the position of Director of the young Nikita Botanical Gardens, near Yalta. He also contributed greatly to the creation of the School of Magarach Wine-making (1828) 1826, it is responsible for the region? Sericulture. In 1841 Steven has become a chief inspector agriculture in the region. In 1853 a Ukrainian city of Izmail was visited by the Director of the Department Norwegian Geographic, Professor Hansten, who was at that time working on the measurement of meridian arc.It is also necessary to mention the Norwegian cultural influence of the region. In particular, in 1874 (1840-1911) opera? Carnival in Paris? Symphonic and legend? Zorahaida?. Twenty-five years later, the southern provinces of the country were visited by the future Nobel laureate and author of the book In Fairyland? Knut Hamsun during his trip to the Caucasus. In 1910, Christian Sinding arrived in Odessa, as such, the Russian Musical Pound wrote in its edition no.12:? On 29 January, the Imperial Russian Music Society will hold the gathering VII Symphony led by the remarkable Norwegian composer and conductor with Christian Sinding The participation of the pianist Karl Nissen. The program consisted solely of music written by the famous guest, the symphony-bemoll # 1, the concert piano D-major with the orchestra, variations in? Fatum? And? Infinito Rondo? To a large orchestra. Sinding was warmly welcomed by the public, and received a long ovation.? Norwegian Colonel Petersen, a participant of the Russo-Turkish War of the late 18th century, and a historiographer and witness the signing of the peace Kuchuk-Kainarji Treaty which initiated the inclusion of Crimea to the territorial possessions St. Petersburg this time.Joseph Igelstrom, Swedish, Norwegian background, has been charged with the Tavria province. During his travels along the Black Sea coast, he drew most of the local magnates beside the Ekaterina II. Igelstrom collected, catalogued and described an immense collection of paintings Tatar-Arabic, and was the author of letters Full Count Potemkin Grigoriy concerning the living conditions of the population and climate of Crimea. Members of the Baggovut noble family, a family of Norwegian descent, next to be the owners of breweries and estates in Eastland and related to the descendants of the chancellor of the University of Uppsala Svebelius (Julia Baggovut Fedorovna), also took part in the Battle Ackendorf in May 1807 against the army of Napoleon. One of the streets of Kiev, was appointed Baggovutivska. The famous Norwegian author Bjornstjerne Bjornson had numerous contacts with writers and journalists for example Sembratovich Ukrainian Roman Yaroslav Fedorchuk and Volodymyr Kushnir. In Taras Shevchenko Academy of Sciences in Lviv, there was a large collection of Bjørnson? S written in Russian, German and Czech. But famous writers as Ivano-Frankovsk and Mykhailo Pavlyk also translated his writings in the Ukrainian language. Bjornson has written a number of articles in the European press, where he spoke on behalf of Ukraine. He strongly condemned a decree issued by the tsar Alexander II, which introduces a ban on the use of the Ukrainian language in literature in translations theatre.The 20th CenturyIn in the early days of World War I (1914 -- 1918) in the Galician city of Lviv, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a group of emigrants from the upper basin of the Dnipro have formed a non-political party organization? Union for the Liberation of Ukraine?. The platform national policy of Ukraine was? Independence, the constitutional monarchy with a government. The union believes it is necessary to inform public opinion in the Balkans war and neutral Scandinavian states on questions of the liberation of Ukraine and other nations slaves of the Russian Empire. To this end ULU attributed to Norway sent its Osyp Nazaruk, who met with the President of the Storting J. Løvland and Foreign Minister Ihlen, and discussed with them about the war and the attitude toward him Ukrainians. Osyp Nazaruk due to a number of articles on issues Ukrainian appeared in the Norwegian Morgenbladet. , B> Norwegian-Ukrainian relations Soviet Union during the period.Very few facts and evidence are of Ukrainian-Norwegian relations from the Soviet era. The famine of 1921-1922 in Ukraine evokes the movement of solidarity with the starving people in the Scandinavian countries. In Norway, this movement has taken the form of public unrest, the so-called charity weeks and months, the proceedings from which were then forwarded to the starving population in Ukraine and the Volga region. Charity fundraisings included one-time, individual donations, subscriptions, as well as systematic individuals? Incomes.Yet, the establishment in 1923 of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics has virtually ended the Ukraine? S communication with the world community? Individual diplomatic missions of Ukraine were closed and the entire international activity has been taken up by the people? S Commissioner for Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union, Norwegian polar explorer, scholar and humanitarian Fridtjof Nansen has served as high commissioner of the International Red Cross, who has provided assistance to affected by the 1921-23 famine in Ukraine. Nansen done much to inform Europe on the famine in Ukraine and has raised funds for relief work. He also used the money he earned the Nobel Peace Prize for the work of aid. On January 23, 1923 Nansen arrived in the city of Kharkiv to discuss with the Government of the Soviet Ukraine, plans to fight famine. Nansen mission established a number of orphanages, and has provided scholarships for students and teachers at the University of Kharkov. Nansen has also developed a number of model farms? The most famous of them in the city of Kharkov and Mykhailovka between Dnipropetrovsk. In these farms, he introduced modern technology and principles of agriculture. Later, during World War II, in 1944, Ukraine has regained its lost status through the Law on the establishment of the People? S Commissioner for Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Republic of Ukraine (from 1946? Ministry of Foreign Affairs). In accordance with this law, the Constitution of Ukraine was amended by section 15 b, which established the right of the Soviet Republic of Ukraine to be directly involved in international relations. However, due to the totalitarian nature of the political regime existing in the Soviet Union, the above documents proved to be a mere formality. During the Second World War, a considerable number of POWs Ukrainian finished in labour camps in Norway. Many of these people are established or have been in contact with helped in various ways by Norwegian civilians. The Soviet troops took part in the liberation of Norway in 1944-45.Only in 1991, after Ukraine gained its independence and entered the international arena, has relations between Ukraine and Norway starting to improve. In 1992, Ukraine and Norway established diplomatic relations.This article was prepared by the members of the Institute of Ukrainian history at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, then translated and published by the Royal Embassy Norway in Kiev.
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